Phonology: The Sound Patterns of Language
Phonology
Phonology is called to the study of the classification of the sounds of a language, so that the sounds of each group are perceived by speakers as a single basic element of the system, called phoneme, which has distinctive character in relation to the sounds of other groups. Each of the sounds corresponding to one phoneme is called allophone.
The pronunciation of morpheme
The pronunciation of words ending in s depends on the final consonant sound.
The pronunciation of the past tense
Allophones
Unique sound of the pronunciation of a phoneme, which can vary depending on its position in the word or syllable and relationship with the neighboring sounds, although it remains the same phoneme.
THE RULES OF PHONOLOGY
The relationship between the phonemic representations of words and the phonetic representations that reflect the pronunciation of words is rule-governed.
ASSIMILATION RULES
Vowels Nasalization in English: a rule that makes neighboring segments more similar by copying or spreading a phonetic property from one segment to the other.
Asiimilation is when a sound becomes more like a neighboring sound with respect to some phonetic property.
DISSIMILATION
Dissimilation is a rule where two close or adjacent sounds become less alike with respect to some property.
Example: [fθ] and [sθ] [ft] and [st] Fricatives stop?
Fifth and sixth come to be pronounced as if they were spelled fift and sikst.
FEATURE-CHANGING
In certain kind of environment, the sound will change its original value of pronunciation. ( in other Word, assimilation and dissimilation rules are both feature-changing rules.)
Some feature-changing rules are neither a assimilation nor dissimilation rules. They may add non-distintive features, e.g. the aspiration rule.
SEGMENT INSERTION AND DELETION
Phonological rules may add or delete entire segments. The process of inserting a consonanto r vowel is called epenthesis. The examples of epenthesis:
Insert a [ə] before the plural morpheme /z/ when a regular noun ends in a sibilant, giving [əz].
Insert a [ə] before the past-tense morpheme hen a regular verb ends in a non-nasal alveolar stop, giving [əd].
Whe often delete the unstressed vowels that are shown in bold type in words like the following:
Mystery general memory funeral vigorous Barbara
These words in casual speech sund as if they were written:
Mystry genral memry funral vigrous Barbra
MOVEMENT (METATHESIS)
Reorder sequences of phonemes, in which case they are called metathesis rules.
For example, when we speak ask or asking, we might switch the sequence of [s] and [k] to be aks or aksing.
FROM MANY-TO-ONE
FROM ONE-TO-MANY
Neutralization:
The Flap Rule in English An alveolar stop becomes a voiced flap when preceded by a stressed vowel and followed be an unstressed vowel.
The Function of Phonological Rules
The Form: A B / C __ D
A: affected segment
B: the change
C & D: the context or environment.
Conventional Symbols:
Ø B / C___D “insert B between C & D”
A Ø / C __ D “delete A between C & D”
# Word boundary
C [-syllabic] segment
V [+syllabic] segment
+ Morpheme boundary